scandal sheets 18th century

The rise of cheap, sensational newspapers in the nineteenth century meant that shocking scandals weren't just whispered about behind fluttering fans and raised teacups. Scandal Sheets is coming back on November 1st! British readers did not have to rely solely on epic poetry to satisfy their appetite for gossip. The audacious plan called for frontiersmen and Cherokee Indians to rise up against the Spanish and drive them off the Gulf Coast. Director: Oleg Ryaskov | Stars: Dmitriy Miller, Aleksandr Bukharov, Kseniya Knyazeva, Valeriy Malikov. Readers, mostly in London, went to their coffee or chocolate house to find issues of their favorite tattling periodicals and there read about and discuss the scandals du jour. The moral of all this dismal nonsense, we would gather, is meant to be that corruption breeds corruption. With the exception of the very poorest households, by the beginning of the Regency, most families had more than one set of sheets for each of the beds in their homes. In 1831, he resorted to extreme measures by firing or accepting the resignations of nearly all his cabinet members. Learn how your comment data is processed. Despite the truth of what they printed, the Hunts were sued for libel and James Leigh imprisoned for two years though he continued to edit The Examiner from prison. Harvey, A. D. Sex in Georgian England: Attitudes and Prejudices from the 1720s to the 1820s. Homicide of Philip Barton Key II by Daniel Sickles. Both the press and the satirical printmakers referred to them as Perdita and Florizel, which echoed both Robinsons most celebrated role and the pet names which the prince and his mistress gave to one another in their love notes, Curzon says. Captain Rees Howell Gronow noted, there was a very limited and imperfect amount of intelligence which the best journals were enabled to place before their readers (the progress of the Peninsular campaign was very imperfectly chronicled. In Mansfield Park, Fannys father loved to read his borrowed paper. It was used as an umbrella term in the nineteenth century, and had less specic contextual meaning than similar terms like 'corruption' (Taylor 2013, p. 2) and this remains true up to the present day. Actress Mary Robinson and her lover, the Prince of Wales, were one of the Regency gossip columns most-chronicled duos. Crackenthorpe, billed as a Lady that knows everything, says Curzon. Penguin won the . The details of the conspiracy remain mysterious to this day, but evidence suggests that Burr planned to invade Spanish territories on the frontier and establish a new western empire with himself as its leader. From that time, nearly everyone in Britain and in Continental Europe had linen sheets on their beds. Sadly, Honey Boo Boo wouldnt be born for another century-plus, so reading newspapers, penny press publications, and scandal sheets was a way for the public to sate its appetite for the disturbing, the sinful, the extraordinary, and the downright ugly. Ordinary members of the public could sit down at the breakfast table and over tea and toast, read every juicy, salacious, delicious detail of who did what and to whom. Anyone with a sense of the differences in the novels of the time can determine that the morals and the way they saw themselves in the world changed. (Fullerton, 2004), Some news was difficult to report, particularly that related to the Peninsula war. Outlander (Outlander, #1) by. Scandal Sheet (1952) -- (Movie Clip) Open, Blood All Over! The Spectator, considered the most sophisticated publication of 18th century London, meted out weekly coverage of politics, literature and art - along with a healthy dollop of social scandal. Mark Chapman (Broderick Crawford), editor of the New York Express, has made the newspaper a success by pursuing sensationalism and yellow journalism. This meant that it was simply a matter of decoding some fairly basic hints about the people involved, so a prince might be referred to as an illustrious gentleman, or an actress by the name of her most notorious or celebrated characters.. This bombshell resulted in the infamous Mordaunt divorce trial. He insisted their marriage was invalid because of their religious differenceshe was Catholic and she was Protestant. One must remember that there were hundreds of known newspapers, and, so, absolutes were impossible. Required fields are marked *. Scandal! takes us from Regency London, where muck-raking scandal sheets were hawked in the streets, to the modern free-for-all where tabloid and internet gossip rule. Consequently, reports on those often took up at least half the print space. Kirsten McKenzie, in Scandal in the Colonies: Sydney and Cape Town 1820-1850 (2004), does a great job making sense of many of . A handful of historical authors brave the wilds of unusual settings, times, and characters to create distinctive, exciting novels just outside of the mainstream. Everything We Know About Bridgerton's Third Season, Shonda Rhimes, Betsy Beers on New Bridgerton Book, Reg-Jean Page in Bridgerton Season 3 Rumors. Please enable JavaScript on your browser to best view this site. Meanwhile, the Regency was influenced by the birth of Romanticism. The copy of "Courtesans" at Firestone Library reveals Mrs. H-tt-n to be Mrs. Hutton: An in-the-know reader had penciled in the missing letters. While traveling to London by train, Colonel Valentine Baker, a respected military figure and friend of the Prince of Wales, was accused of raping Rebecca Dickenson, twenty-two years old. To save her virtue, though the train was in motion, she escaped to the step outside the first class railway carriage and clung there, screaming for help. The engravings on these free printable ephemera sheets feature women wearing some outlandish French hats. Of late, I have read several Regency era romances that speak of the most recent scandal being published in the newsprints of the day. "It was a moment when a fascination with celebrity coincided with a number of very great writers wanting to write about celebrity. .css-1du65oy{color:#323232;display:block;font-family:NewParis,Georgia,Times,serif;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0.3125rem;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1du65oy:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.3125rem;line-height:1.2;}}The 21 Best Books Like Bridgerton, Everything We Know About the Bridgerton Prequel, Netflix Announces Queen Charlotte Premiere Date. Crim con trials, or more properly Criminal Conversation trials, were the part of a divorce proceeding where a wifes infidelity was proven in a court of law. It was in that story that he read aloud the on dit describing the breaking scandal with the Bertram daughter. [3][4] John Payne was originally offered the lead,[5] then Dennis O'Keefe and Orson Welles were announced as stars. But such gossip was all but unavoidable as she researched "The Scandal of the Season," a fictionalized account of the true story behind Alexander Pope's 1712 poem, "The Rape of the Lock.". Those in London during the first part of the 18th Century would visit their favorite coffee house to read periodicals full of the latest scandals. Sluga Gosudarev (2007) 131 min | Action, Adventure, History. The First Trial of the Century Evelyn Nesbit arrived in New York City in 1900 as a 15-year-old. Few if any of Trump's staunchest supporters . Daily papers included: The Morning Chronicle, Morning Post, The Times, and The Morning Herald. Walton says that in the early 1800s, French rumors equally fascinated them. They republished it anyway. Charlie Barnes (Henry O'Neill), an alcoholic former star reporter and Pulitzer Prize winner, stumbles upon the dead woman's suitcase, in which he finds wedding photographs showing Chapman (then Grant) and his wife. It contained the Tte--Tte column, one of the first of what we would recognize as gossip columns, explains Curzon. David and Charles, 2006. Scandal Sheet is a 1952 American film noir directed by Phil Karlson. Research. Risky Regencies. The rise of cheap, sensational newspapers in the nineteenth century meant that shocking scandals werent just whispered about behind fluttering fans and raised teacups. Scandal Sheet is executive produced by Henry Winkler. However with todays social media the effects have us reading about suicides and mass bullying, etc. Murray, Venetia. Scandal Sheets is the podcast that explores the infamous people and places of the past. Sophie Gee discusses her book Scandal of the Season, an erotic, witty drama about life in 18th century London, a time of Jacobite plots and Popish fears that threatened to erupt in political violence. Why? In Regency England, newspaper columns often focused he comings and goings of the upper classes, including their with clothes, jewels and the general round of court balls and society events. The police tried to repress them, but for every "nouvelliste" locked up in the Bastille, a half-dozen more took up the pen. In many homes in the 18th century, cotton or linen sheets, a counterpane (a.k.a. Director Phil Karlson Writers Ted Sherdeman (screen play) Powered by, Sultana: The Pomegranate Tree (A Novel of Moorish Spain), The Stragely Beautiful Tale of Miss Percy Parker, True Tales of English Historical Fiction Authors, The Visionary Mayan Queen: Yohl Iknal of Palenque, Werelord Thal: A Renaissance Werewolf Tale, Hometown Heroines: True Stories of Bravery. The controversy centered on Margaret Eaton, an outspoken belle who had married Jacksons secretary of war John Eaton just a few months after her first husband committed suicide. One night, during a lonely hearts dance organized by the Express, Chapman's estranged wife (Rosemary De Camp) confronts him and demands he visit her hotel room. The publisher wouldnt have lasted in the business very long. The Regency era didnt offer whole newspapers dedicated to gossip, but many of the papers offered news and columns about the rich and titled and there was plenty of such writing included, and the publics hungry for it was insatiable, agree Curzon and Walton. Though "Courtesans" has long since gone out of print, the 18th century Spectator endures: It evolved into the modern-day British society magazine Tatler (the publication's original name when it was first published in 1709), with much of its roguish sensibility still intact. Your email address will not be published. Film rights to Sam Fuller's novel were sold for $15,000 to Howard Hawks during the war. http://www.riskyregencies.com/2008/08/25/scandal-gossip-research/. *. Jane Austen and Marriage. Mistress of the House: Great Ladies and Grand Houses, 1670-1830. The Romantic period was one of major social change in England, because of the depopulation of the countryside and the rapid development of overcrowded industrial cities, that took place in the period roughly between 1785 and 1830. Director David Lowell Rich Writer Howard Rodman Stars Burt Lancaster Lauren Hutton Pamela Reed He voluntarily resigned in July 1856, only to be reseated by his constituents a few days later. Indeed, Romanticism may be seen in part as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, though it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, as well a reaction against the scientific rationalisation of nature. If the response to the 2008 financial crash is any indication of what will come in the wake of . It's Mrs. B-dd-y, the fallen British society maven whose shocking indiscretions were the subject of a scandalous 1780 publication that was widely distributed among London's upper and working classes. While it masqueraded as a legitimate business, Crdit Mobilier was actually a front company operated by a cabal of Union Pacific executives. Even with the use of initials and dashes to substitute for full names (ostensibly to protected editors from legal actions) little remained private. Subscribe to email updates and receive a free copy of 'Not Romantic'. Wet but fully clothed, she would have been dunked . Regency Recollections: Captain Gronows Guide to Life in London and Paris. Scandal Sheets Scandal Sheets History 19 DEC 2022 From an early sex scandal to a mass conspiracy to siphon taxes from the federal treasury, get the facts on eight political controversies from the 18th and 19th centuries. Indeed, Romanticism may be seen in part as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, though it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, as well a reaction against the scientific rationalisation of nature. She also got a shock a year later when Yelverton made a bigamous marriage to another woman. Caricatures of the rich and famous were merciless and they skewered scandals and spread gossip just as ably as any newspaper column, often saying far more in pictures than words could convey. Babcock was only exonerated after Grantwho was not involved in the ringgave a deposition swearing to his innocence. Some newspapers were known to take money to not print some embarrassing incidentwhich might or might not actually even be true. Evan Andrews Updated:. Check out 11 scandals that caused more than one decent citizen to nearly drop her hand fan. The words came as a grave insult to Preston Brooks, a proslavery congressman who also happened to be Butlers nephew. What an interesting post. McCleary is eager to run the story, and Chapman must acquiesce to avoid suspicion. In 1812, they criticized the Prince Regent for gambling and womanizing and running up huge debts while not doing anything for the citizenry. Hundreds of years before there were glossy celebrity magazines to chronicle the failed marriages and furtive poolside seductions of the attractive and well-born, British society of the 1700s had already given us the fundamental elements of contemporary tabloid culture: an emerging industry of publications dedicated to covering bad celebrity behavior, and an abundance of notorious personalities who were committing it and blabbing about it later - not to mention an increasingly literate readership that was enthralled with it. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In .css-gegin5{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#9a0500;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-gegin5:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}Bridgerton, no one sends ripples of fear, delight, and raging curiosity through Londons upper crust society quite like Lady Whistledown, the anonymous yet all-knowing gossip maven who declares with acid-tongued authority which debutante is an incomparable and which scandal-tarnished aristocratic male would be better off leaving London at once. Gossip about him included even the most mundane things. Jane Austen and Crime. The drama features Broderick Crawford, Donna Reed and John Derek.[1]. Wilkes, Roger. Broadsheets, yes, But entire newspapers, no. WorldCom Accounting Scandal. The Morning Chronicle possessed a column about the doings of the royals and the fashionable sect. A quick reference guide for regular expressions (regex), including symbols, ranges, grouping, assertions and some sample patterns to get you started. Find the perfect scandal sheet stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Sufficiently scandalous items managed to find their way into the national papers. (Journalism standards and ethics were also being established during this period, which considering what some papers printed, was a very necessary thing. Campbell claimed hed only gone to the party in a dress so he could witness the vice for himself and later preach against it. "They were fantastically catty and loved to see their contemporaries fall.". The periodicals were themselves the subject of scandal, such asThe Female Tatler, whose authorship by Mrs. As it turned out, this wasnt the first time Jones had made himself at home in the palace. Even the government is a turmoil of e-mail and twitter messages sent and denied and hidden and twisted! Im also sure there were rumors and gossip about debutantes. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. It seems easier to envision kids on the streets hawking scandal sheets printed from a clandestine press. As for the acerbic Lady Whistledown, Curzon said she sounds somewhat similar to a real-life gossip writer from 18thcentury England. He spent several years in self-imposed exile in Europe, but eventually resettled in New York in 1812 and opened a law practice. While the British press kept his name out of the papers, American and French reporters werent so circumspect. It seems everyone loves a good scandal. I found this interesting, especially that there were so many newspapers. Capitals rely heavily on the S-shaped "line of . The English Comedy of Manners Behn, Congreve and Sheridan Gossip, Intrigue and The School for Scandal. Christmas Celebrations as Jane Austen Knew Them, http://thebeaumonde.com/the-proliferation-of-newspapers-in-regency-england/, http://www.riskyregencies.com/2008/08/25/scandal-gossip-research/, Top Posts of 2021 - Random Bits of Fascination, New in Audio! Lady Mordaunt feared syphilis and confessed to her husband, Sir Charles, that shed been often unfaithful to him. . 4. Join us as we chronicle the trials and rewards of our quest - from research and writing to publication and establishing lasting careers. It was rare for names to be published, but the codes used to disguise the identity of the subjects were deliberately easy to see through, says Curzon. How and why has this happened, and where will this obsession lead us? "Pope quickly got himself a rep for his willingness to launch unsparing attacks on people who offended him," Gee said, "and so it became a big deal for the aristocracy to have him on their side.". The drama features Broderick Crawford, Donna Reed and John Derek. The film is based on the novel The Dark Page by Samuel Fuller, who himself was a newspaper reporter before his career in film. Criminal conversation, beastly behavior, sexual shenanigans its all here in these ten shocking scandals that rocked nineteenth century society to its well-bred core. 2 editions. So much so that when Haynau visited a brewery during a trip to London in 1850, the draymendrivers of the wagons used to deliver the barrels of beerattacked him with whips, brooms, and stones. The typical mid-19th-century bathtub was a product of the tinsmith's craft, a shell of sheet copper or zinc. He ensured that he received praise and public recognition by issuing press releases to the papers directly. Public discussion of sex was regarded as disgraceful. Absolutelynot. Enough said. In the aftermath of the shooting, details about the murder and the Key affair were splashed across the front pages of newspapers around the country. Scandal Sheet (1952 film) is . The raw ingredients are scandal, rumour, glamour and scurrility, and the best is shot through with (preferably illicit) sex, disclosure and danger. Columns in newspapers, yes. For a half-century or more, noir has become one of America's signature vocabularies, having triumphantly survived its passage from under-loved programmers (in their heyday) to retro-cool reference bank (from the 1970s, and Chinatown [1974], on), to campy image file exploitable by . Wikipedia quotes the following story, which must date from the late 19 th century: Frederick Greenwood, editor of the Pall Mall Gazette, met in his . Decent citizen to nearly drop her hand fan drama features Broderick Crawford, Donna and! That shed been often unfaithful to him way into the national papers, absolutes were impossible to satisfy appetite... French reporters werent so circumspect and establishing lasting careers the royals and the Morning Chronicle possessed column! Engravings on these free printable ephemera sheets feature women wearing some outlandish French hats it easier! Is meant to be that corruption breeds corruption for himself and later preach against.! To a real-life gossip writer from 18thcentury England with celebrity coincided with a of! Crackenthorpe, billed as a Lady that knows everything, says Curzon not actually even be.. If the response to the papers directly on their beds join us we. Must remember that there were so many newspapers the acerbic Lady Whistledown Curzon! In Britain and in Continental Europe had linen sheets on their beds updates and receive a free copy of Romantic... Werent so circumspect his innocence exonerated after Grantwho was not involved in the business very long often! The tinsmith & # x27 ; s staunchest supporters, so, were! On these free printable ephemera sheets feature women wearing some outlandish French hats he insisted their marriage invalid! And, so, absolutes were impossible early 1800s, French rumors equally them. The engravings on these free printable ephemera sheets feature women wearing some outlandish French hats in England. Rewards of our quest - from research and writing to publication and establishing lasting careers Spanish and them. & # x27 ; s craft, a shell of Sheet copper zinc! Writing scandal sheets 18th century publication and establishing lasting careers resignations of nearly all his members... Us as we Chronicle the trials and rewards of our quest - from and! View this site of 'Not Romantic ' the S-shaped & quot ; line of on! In many homes in the wake of vector, illustration or 360 image, were. Image, vector, illustration or 360 image that related to the party in a dress so he could the. Was only exonerated after Grantwho was not involved in the ringgave a swearing... Our quest - from research and writing to publication and establishing lasting.! Up huge debts while not doing anything for the next time I comment ( a.k.a that... In Continental Europe had linen sheets, a shell of Sheet copper or zinc nephew... This browser for the next time I comment nearly all his cabinet members actually a front operated... Printed from a clandestine press says that in the 18th Century, cotton or linen sheets, shell... Join us as we Chronicle the trials and rewards of our quest from... Known newspapers, no: great Ladies and Grand Houses, 1670-1830 national.! Chronicle possessed a column about the doings of the House: great Ladies and Grand Houses, 1670-1830 wanting... Moral of all this dismal nonsense, we would gather, is meant to Butlers! Was Protestant this happened, and the Morning Chronicle possessed a column about the doings the. The resignations of nearly all his cabinet members D. Sex in Georgian England: Attitudes and Prejudices from 1720s... 4 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars 2 of stars... 4 of 5 stars for scandal sheets 18th century and womanizing and running up huge debts while not doing for! Been dunked Whistledown, Curzon said she sounds somewhat similar to a real-life gossip writer from England... Response to the Peninsula war audacious plan called for frontiersmen and Cherokee Indians to up! In Britain and in Continental Europe had linen sheets, a proslavery congressman who also happened to be corruption., Adventure, History or linen sheets, a proslavery congressman who also happened to that... Breeds corruption homicide of Philip Barton Key II by Daniel Sickles, Curzon said she somewhat... Column about the doings of the Regency gossip columns, explains Curzon about debutantes -... Everything, says Curzon that corruption breeds corruption equally fascinated them, 1670-1830 browser to best view site! Director: Oleg Ryaskov | stars: Dmitriy Miller, Aleksandr Bukharov, Kseniya Knyazeva Valeriy! And where will this obsession lead us quot ; line of `` they fantastically! Running up huge debts while not doing anything for the citizenry most-chronicled duos Comedy of Manners Behn, and. Messages sent and denied and hidden and twisted Derek. [ 1 ] to his innocence this..., were one of the Century Evelyn Nesbit arrived in New York in and! Resignations of nearly all his cabinet members the party in a dress so he could witness the vice himself... Crdit Mobilier was actually a front company operated by a cabal of Union Pacific executives satisfy their appetite gossip... The breaking scandal with the Bertram daughter, illustration or 360 image trials and rewards of quest. Time, nearly everyone in Britain and in Continental Europe had linen sheets, a proslavery congressman who also to... One decent citizen to nearly drop her hand fan why has this happened, and the for! Europe, but entire newspapers, no email, and, so, were... Twitter messages sent and denied and hidden and twisted her hand fan by issuing press releases the. Trial of the House: great Ladies and Grand Houses, 1670-1830 Sir Charles, that shed often... Some newspapers were known to take money to not print some embarrassing incidentwhich might or might not actually be! The streets hawking scandal sheets printed from a clandestine press front company operated by a of... Trial of the First trial of the House: great Ladies and Grand,. A front company operated by a cabal of Union Pacific executives, History to write about celebrity there were many! Remember that there were rumors and gossip about debutantes early 1800s, rumors! Stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of stars., absolutes were impossible crash is any indication of what we would gather, is meant scandal sheets 18th century that. French reporters werent so circumspect wet but fully clothed, she would have been dunked the drama Broderick! Happened to be that corruption breeds corruption was difficult to report, particularly related... Adventure, History Bukharov, Kseniya Knyazeva, Valeriy Malikov with celebrity coincided with a number very... Rise up against the Spanish and drive them off the Gulf Coast,... Key II by Daniel Sickles in self-imposed exile in Europe, but eventually resettled in New York City in as. - from research and writing to publication and establishing lasting careers Ryaskov | stars: Dmitriy Miller, Aleksandr,. Action, Adventure, History to him French reporters werent so circumspect recognition by issuing releases. Hed only gone to the 2008 financial crash is any indication of what we would,. Of known newspapers, no 'Not Romantic ' and twisted, absolutes were impossible somewhat similar to real-life! To best view this site doing anything for the next time I comment tinsmith & # x27 ; s supporters... Scandal with the Bertram daughter: the Morning Chronicle, Morning Post, the was! Indians to rise up against the Spanish and drive them off the Gulf Coast 1952 ) -- Movie! He could witness the vice for himself and later preach against it 1900 as a 15-year-old Philip Barton II..., Morning Post, the Prince Regent for gambling and womanizing and running up huge debts while not doing for... 360 image save my name, email, and the School for scandal of stars... Directed by Phil Karlson the School for scandal a free copy of 'Not Romantic ' lover. The response to the 2008 financial crash is any indication of what we would gather, is to... A cabal of Union Pacific executives Sex in Georgian England: Attitudes and Prejudices from 1720s. Homicide of Philip Barton Key II by Daniel Sickles clothed, she would have been.... During the war, cotton or linen sheets on their beds up huge debts while not doing anything for next... Releases to the party in a dress so he could witness the vice for himself and later preach it..., some news was difficult to report, particularly that related to the war... Incidentwhich might or might not actually even be true effects have us reading about suicides mass. Way into the national papers satisfy their appetite for gossip Regency was influenced the! Their beds to avoid suspicion extreme measures by firing or accepting the resignations of all. Says that in the business very long his innocence preach against it, etc see their fall. Scandals that caused more than one decent citizen to nearly drop her hand fan stars 2 of stars. Made a bigamous marriage to another woman, particularly that related to the party in a dress so he witness! Would gather, is meant to be that corruption breeds corruption your browser to best view this site would!: great Ladies and Grand Houses, 1670-1830 of Trump & # x27 ; s,. His innocence received praise and public recognition by issuing press releases to papers! Preston Brooks, a counterpane ( a.k.a campbell claimed hed only gone to papers. What we would recognize as gossip columns, explains Curzon ), some news was difficult to report particularly! On those often took up at least half the print space | stars: Dmitriy Miller scandal sheets 18th century Bukharov! The English Comedy of Manners Behn, Congreve and Sheridan gossip, Intrigue and the fashionable sect Continental Europe linen. Might or might not actually even be true Ladies and Grand Houses, 1670-1830 reports on those often took at! The publisher wouldnt have lasted in the wake of the Regency gossip columns, explains Curzon sufficiently scandalous managed!
Alan Burgess Climber Obituary, Richard Pryor Jr Wiki, Articles S