characteristics of roman literaturecharacteristics of roman literature

Verism refers to a hyper-realistic portrayal of the subject's facial characteristics. Here is an excerpt about the trees of the Amazon from his book Flora Brasiliensis. Structural Characteristics. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a very influential writer in Romanticism; his books of essays explored many of the themes of the literary movement and codified them. Life of the Roman writer Ovid, author of Metamorphoses. When a caesura correlates with a sense break, a slight pause should be made in reading. It was a platform as well for lawyers who wished to plead for their clients. The feet may be spondees (long-long), dactyls (long-short-short) or trochees (long-short), and they may be combined a variety of ways depending on the particular metre (plus there may be some flexibility in the patterns, particularly in the first and last feet, even within a particular metre).A number of different metres are commonly used in classical Latin poetry, almost all inspired by Greek and Hellenstic originals.The most common is dactylic hexameter (the traditional epic metre of six feet per line), followed by elegiac couplets (a line of dactylic hexameter followed by a second line of modified dactylic pentameter, often used in love poetry) and hendecasyllabic verse (where each line has eleven syllables, including a four syllable choriamb of long-short-short-long).When a word ends in a vowel or diphthong (and sometimes also words ending in m), and the next word begins with a vowel, diphthong or the letter h, the vowel (optionally, plus the m) of the first word does not count metrically (known as elision), unless the poet chooses to deliberately keep them separate as an exception to the rule (known as hiatus).A caesura (when a word ends in the middle of a foot, sometimes but not always accompanied by a sense break and punctuation) can be used to divide a line in two and allow the poet to vary the basic metrical pattern he is working with. It is a genre that owes little or nothing to the Greeks and its objective was the criticism, in verse and prose, of political and social life. Hailing from Cisalpine Gaul and a family of modest farmers, many of Virgil's themes demonstrate his love of the rural life. He was an orator and writer, as well as a military man, and is remembered above all by the Comments on the Gallic War. A friend of both Ovid and Virgil, he even received a home from the patron of arts Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill; however, unlike some of his contemporaries, he refused to write an epic about emperor Augustus. Latin lyric poetry It is considered one of the secondary genres that developed in Roman literature. Roman literature differs from Latin literature in that it goes beyond the empire: Latin texts continued to be written after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, in various kingdoms of Europe, until the early Renaissance, when the modern languages in European national cultures. Most of it is fugitive, but here and therein high-level journalism, in television, in the cinema, in commercial fiction, in westerns and detective stories, and in plain, expository prosesome writing, almost by accident, achieves an aesthetic satisfaction, a depth and relevance that entitle it to stand with other examples of the art of literature. Mary Harrsch (Photographed at the Capitoline Museum) (CC BY-NC-SA). Those who become proselytes learn the ways of the Jews and become similarly disdainful of the gods and indifferent to the welfare of their former country and families. However, his most famous work is the 15 books of mythology Metamorphoses, an epic poem that spoke not only of humanity's interaction with the gods but also of heroes and heroines. They are concerned more with an emperor's personal habits than with his political accomplishments. Therefore, this is called imitated Roman literature. Related to the insistence on isolation, melancholy is a key feature of many works of Romanticism, usually seen as a reaction to inevitable failurewriters wished to express the pure beauty they perceived and failure to do so adequately resulted in despair like the sort expressed by Percy Bysshe Shelley in A Lament: William Wordsworth was one of the first poets to embrace the concept of writing that could be read, enjoyed, and understood by anyone. The test in individual cases would seem to be one of enduring satisfaction and, of course, truth. Wasson, D. L. (2017, September 27). Those writings that are primarily informativetechnical, scholarly, journalisticwould be excluded from the rank of literature by most, though not all, critics. . until its decline in the 5th century AD, and it was written and staged mainly in Latin, although there have also been some texts in the Greek language. Understanding the characteristics of Romanticism in literature can help you become a better reader, and it can give you a leg up on literary essays and discussions. c. 205 BCE - 184 BCE. Two such Ancient Roman novels have come down to us, theSatyriconof Gaius Petronius (1st CenturyCE) andThe Golden Ass(orMetamorphoses) of Lucius Apuleius (2nd CenturyCE). The patricians were those Roman citizens who belonged to the privileged classes, the noble families and the ruling class. Many young, upper-class Romans even continued their education in Athens. One of the premier clerics of the 4th century was St. Ambrose (c. 340 397 CE). However, real or not, it gave the Romans a sense of identity. 5 It should be also noted that the Greco-Roman law, 6 which is the basis of modern European law, 7 has signi cantly in uenced the old . He is most famous for his De civitate Dei (The City of God) which he wrote near the end of Western Roman Empire at the time of the invasion of 410 CE and his Confessions. Quite often their plays would be performed during one of the city's many festivals where the audience was mostly male. The Golden Age of Roman Literature is usually considered to cover the period from about the start of the 1st CenturyBCEup to the mid-1st CenturyCE. Volume III, for example, describes the geography of Italy and the topography of Rome: If one were further to take into account the height of the buildings, a very fair estimate would be formed, that would bring us to admit that there has been no city in the whole world that could be compared to Rome in magnitude. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Roman Literature. "Romanticism in Literature: Definition and Examples." Petronius or Gaius Petronius Arbiter (c. 27 66 CE) served as both a consul and governor of Bithynia. Poets and other writers went beyond simply telling about things and instead gave the information readers need to feel and taste and touch the objects and surroundings in Romantic-era writing. This is known as Aboriginal Greek literature. In reality, Rome could hardly deny a closeness to Greece since Greek cities had existed on both the lower peninsula and Sicily for decades. The term Romanticism does not stem directly from the concept of love, but rather from the French word romaunt (a romantic story told in verse). His lesser known contemporary Statius wrote the twelve books of Thebaid concerning Oedipus's curse on Thebes. Another essential characteristic of nearly all Romantic-era literature is vivid sensory descriptions. In literature, all genres imported from Greece flourish and are Latinized, and the performing arts and prose flourish. Some of the supernatural elements serve as symbols for emotions of guilt, depression, and other darker feelings, as you can see in this excerpt from The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe. Finally, T. Lucretius Carus (99 55 BCE) wrote On the Nature of the Universe, an Epicurean doctrine that said the world was mechanistic, operating without divine intervention and true happiness existed from complete withdrawal from public life. This genre did not have the same relevance in Rome as in Greece. In general, Romantic literature is emotional, imaginative, and interested in beauty. (or much longer, if you include Byzantine art). The first of the three was Plautus (254 184 BCE). You can see this in William Wordsworths poem, The Prelude.". Keats was aware that he was dying of consumption throughout much of his short life and career, and his celebration of autumn symbolizes the beauty in the ephemeral. Born in Calabria in southern Italy (Magna Graecia), he served in the Roman army in Sardinia, arriving in Rome with fellow writer Cato the Elder around 204 BCE, eventually obtaining the much-desired Roman citizenship. Jeff Somers is an award-winning writer who has authored nine novels, over 40 short stories, and "Writing Without Rules," a non-fiction book about the business and craft of writing. Romanticism focused on emotions and the inner life of the writer, and often used autobiographical material to inform the work or even provide a template for it, unlike traditional literature at the time. Today most essays are written as expository, informative journalism, although there are still essayists in the great tradition who think of themselves as artists. the qualities of literature. The first historian of note was Gaius Sallustius Crispus or Sallust (c. 86 35 BCE), a former senator expelled for immorality. For the first time the feelings of revenge and hatred filled my bosom, and I did not strive to control them, but allowing myself to be borne away by the stream, I bent my mind towards injury and death. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Romanticism is a literary movement spanning roughly 17901850. Our goal here is to zoom in on the romantic . The Hellenizing tendencies of Golden Age Latin reached their apex in the epic poetry ofVergil, the odes and satires ofHoraceand the elegiac couplets ofOvid. There are several characteristics that define Roman literature, including its focus on historical events, its use of Latin, and its emphasis on social and political themes. Ancient Rome (2020). Later, after the conquests of Alexander the Great, Greek became the common language of . Much of it survives to this day. Also they emphasize Sneca, Horacio, Seutonio and Plinio the Young person. Latin literature is the work of Roman authors, such as Cicero, Virgil, Ovid and Horace, but also includes the work of European writers after the fall of the Empire; . Characteristics. Although literary Romanticism occurred from about 1790 through 1850, not all writers of this period worked in this style. Literature also functions more broadly in society as a means of both criticizing and affirming cultural values. Writer who devoted himself, in addition to military affairs, to observing natural, geographical and ethnographic phenomena collected in his most famous work, Natural History, an encyclopedic text that tried to compile all the existing knowledge of that time. The roman literature It is the one that developed in ancient Rome, from its emergence in the 8th century BC. We care about our planet! This in turn led to heightened sense of spirituality in Romantic work, and the addition of occult and supernatural elements. Since ancient times, the division between patricians and plebeians is one of the main characteristics that distinguishes Roman society. Even today those trees speak to me and fill my spirit with a certain pious fear, even today they excite in my breast that silent wonder with which my spirit was held at that time. However, Roman literature cannot stand alone. Roman literature owes a debt to the Greeks, more specifically Athens. The nature of artistic merit is less easy to define than to recognize. Ambrosius was the son of the praetorian prefect of Gaul and schooled in the classical Greek tradition. Classical literature, the literature of ancient Greece and Rome (see Greek literature; Latin literature). Literature in the time of Augustus. HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE THE SIXTH AND THE SEVENTH CENTURIES OF THE CITY (240-80 B.C), FROM LIVIUS TO SULLA -which comprises the history of the legitimate drama, of the early epos and satire, and the beginning of the prose composition, is marked by a vigorous but ill- disciplined imitation of Greek poetical models, and in prose by a dry . Tragedy in literature is defined as a genre that focuses around a noble character who struggles against strong external challenges. What Are the Characteristics of Romanticism? (Catullus, Poem 23). Roman Literature (2020). It covers the first texts of this stage, in which romance and minstrel verses predominate, with a marked influence of the popular and rural, and their religious counterpart, such as sacramental acts and theological treatises. Claudianus, a native of Alexandria, was the court poet under Emperor Honorius. The compilation of the most important events since the founding of Rome was one of the activities most appreciated by Roman society. I learned, moreover, at intervals, and through broken and equivocal hints, another singular feature of his mental condition. An enemy of Cicero, he sided with dictator-for-life Julius Caesar who helped him fight charges of malpractice while governor of Africa. Donald has taught Ancient, Medieval and U.S. History at Lincoln College (Normal, Illinois)and has always been and will always be a student of history, ever since learning about Alexander the Great. characteristics of romanticism represented by woman's dress. This character will usually suffer greatly and fail as a. In this genre, Catulo, Horacio and Ovidio stood out, among others. In this context, Roman literature can be divided into at least four stages: from the origins of Rome to contact with the Greek world (3rd century BC); from the 3rd century to the end of the Republic (23 BC); the period of Octavian Augustus (23 BC to 14 AD); and since 14 AD until the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Where are the songs of spring? Decius Junius Juvenalis or Juvenal (c. 60 c. 130 CE) is considered the greatest of the Roman satirists. This self-focus preceded confessional poetry of the mid-1900s, but you can see its profound influence on that movement. Roman literature is heavily influenced by Greek culture, however, it managed to adapt Greek genres to the values and traditions of Roman culture. Yet through words literature elevates and transforms experience beyond mere pleasure. So inspired by the Greek historian Thucydides, he turned to writing history. However, his most memorable work is the Aeneid, an epic telling of the journeys of Aeneas after the fall of Troy through the founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus to the age of Augustus. St. AmbroseFr Lawrence Lew, O.P. The city was alive with orators who took to the stage in the Roman Forum to voice their views to the masses. Rodgers wrote that with Ovid Latin poetry had finally attained an "elegance and lyricism" to rival that of any Greek. Public speaking had great importance for educated Romans . Initially, the arches were employed to create space between the classical columns. The Roman Empire and its predecessor the Roman Republic produced an abundance of celebrated literature; poetry, comedies, dramas, histories, and philosophical tracts; the Romans avoided tragedies. While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day. You can see examples of personification of everything from birds and animals to natural events or aspects. ThoughtCo. To use the word writing when describing literature is itself misleading, for one may speak of oral literature or the literature of preliterate peoples. The art of literature is not reducible to the words on the page; they are there solely because of the craft of writing. Individuality/Democracy/Personal Freedom 2. Indeed, it becomes more and more difficult to categorize literature, for in modern civilization words are everywhere. Ay, Where are they? Quintus Horatius Flaccus, more commonly known as Horace (65 BCE 8 BCE), was the son of a freedman. 43 BCE - 17 CE. He was enchained by certain superstitious impressions in regard to the dwelling which he tenanted, and whence, for many years, he had never ventured forth --in regard to an influence whose supposititious force was conveyed in terms too shadowy here to be re-stated --an influence which some peculiarities in the mere form and substance of his family mansion, had, by dint of long sufferance, he said, obtained over his spirit-an effect which the physique of the gray walls and turrets, and of the dim tarn into which they all looked down, had, at length, brought about upon the morale of his existence. To Ovid love was the only "game worth playing." After Ovid, Roman poetry would take a brief hiatus. There were also a number of Roman novelists: Petronius, Apuleius, Martial, and Juvenal. Romanticism celebrated the primitive and elevated "regular people" as being deserving of celebration, which was an innovation at the time. One great example is Percy Byssche Shelleys poem Ozymandias. Catulluspioneered the naturalization of Greek lyric verse forms into Latin in his very personal (sometimes erotic, sometimes playful, and frequently abusive) poetry. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. As in Greek verse, lines of Latin verse are composed of feet, defined by long and short forms of the vowels rather than by stressed and unstressed syllables as in English poetry. He eschewed overly stylized language and references to classical works in favor of emotional imagery conveyed in simple, elegant language, as in his most famous poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud: In works such as Poes The Raven, women were always presented as idealized love interests, pure and beautiful, but usually without anything else to offer. As Aeneas was the ideal model for the Roman way of life, Augustus believed the poem demonstrated a fulfillment of Rome's destiny. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. At once, some lonely traveller. Romantic literature is marked by six primary characteristics: celebration of nature, focus on the individual and spirituality, celebration of isolation and melancholy, interest in the common man, idealization of women, and personification and pathetic fallacy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Roman literature, written in the Latin language, remains an enduring legacy of the culture of ancient Rome. Another genre inherited from Greece, that of moralizing stories starring animals, which in Rome will have Phaedrus as its main representative. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Many of his plays, such as the comedy Eunuchus (The Eunuch), did not appeal to many of the unsophisticated Romans; he was criticized by his contemporaries for "cannibalizing" Greek plays. Corrections? The name has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution. The first of the three was Plautus (254 - 184 BCE). Roman literature prior to the empire is reduced to religious myths that seek to explain the origin or legends of heroes. Lastly, Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (c. 69 c. 130 CE) must be mentioned. The Dialogues of Plato (4th century bc) are written with great narrative skill and in the finest prose; the Meditations of the 2nd-century Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius are a collection of apparently random thoughts, and the Greek in which they are written is eccentric. Marcus Aurelius was not only an excellent emperor but also a Stoic philosopher; his Meditations was written Greek. Many pieces have Gothic motifs, such as manor houses in disrepair, dark and stormy nights, and more. Wasson, Donald L.. "Roman Literature." Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/romanticism-definition-4777449. Taken from sites.google.com. This was especially true with descriptions of female beauty. His most famous work and the only one to survive is the Satyricon, a work considered witty but amoral and hedonistic. From a literary point of view, medieval literature can be divided into two stages: Medieval stage. I continued for the remainder of the day in my hovel in a state of utter and stupid despair. In Roman literature, in contrast to Greek, prose will reach a greater development, both in historical and naturalistic discourse, and in narrative fiction. Unfortunately, he ran afoul of Emperor Domitian who believed he had been portrayed negatively in the writer's Satires and may have been exiled to Egypt; his place of death is unknown. He even studied Stoic philosophy in Athens; however, his suspected involvement in the Piso conspiracy would cost him his life. Yet both are classed as literature, while the speculations of other philosophers, ancient and modern, are not. Evolved a style in which artists began the performance without having a history to guide them. Much Latin writing reflects the Romans' interest in rhetoric, the art of speaking and persuading. Unfortunately, Augustus did not look upon his poetry with admiration and exiled him. It is a period in which Roman literature partly frees itself from the dominant influence of Greek culture and develops with greater thematic freedom. They are outstanding authors of this period, before the Christianity prevails, Phaedrus, Seneca, Petronio, Persio, Martial and Apuleyo, among others. That year the king is exiled and the republic is founded, a period in which the expansion of Rome begins. This new age under the reign of Augustus also produced many young poets who reacted differently to the changes in Roman politics and society. This period in literary history is fascinating and dramatic, and once you know the telltale signs, youll be able to identify work that typifies it. From the beginning its writers were Greeks living not only in Greece proper but also in Asia Minor, the Aegean Islands, and Magna Graecia (Sicily and southern Italy). It is considered the golden age of Roman literature, because during the "Augustan Peace" poets such as Virgilio, Horacio, Ovidio and Tibulo develop their work, and prose writers such as Livy and Vitruvius. World History Encyclopedia. Quite often their plays would be performed during one of the city's many festivals where the audience was mostly male. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Unlike many of the poets who followed him, Virgil provided his audience with a more romanticized picture of Rome. Have left me to that solitude, which suits. Join our Discord server and discuss Literature & Mythology. In all of his works, Horace always demonstrated a deep respect and admiration of the Greeks and believed Rome had to acknowledge the Greek superiority in all intellectual and cultural fields. Similarly, historian Norman Cantor in his Antiquity said that Catullus recognized the mortality of man and exposed a different side of Roman life. Virgilio and Ovidio were the capital authors of the golden era of Roman literature. Characteristics of Roman Architecture. Ancient Rome Roman Literature & Poetry | Famous Writers & Poets, The Hellenizing tendencies of Golden Age Latin reached their apex in the epic poetry of, Brief mention should also be made here of a lesser known genre, that of the ancient novel or prose fiction. But already it is necessary to qualify these statements. When I thought of my friends, of the mild voice of De Lacey, the gentle eyes of Agatha, and the exquisite beauty of the Arabian, these thoughts vanished and a gush of tears somewhat soothed me. Taken from es.wikipedia.org. The comedy: Plautus and Terence (2020). All rights reserved. The Roman Empire was built with marked influence of Greece and its literature was defined by it. But again when I reflected that they had spurned and deserted me, anger returned, a rage of anger, and unable to injure anything human, I turned my fury towards inanimate objects. What is Roman literature? Madrid: Editorial Gredos. Not only an essayist, he wrote nine plays based on such Greek legends as Oedipus, Heracles, and Medea. Thetelekinei It i the mental ability that a peron develop to move or manipulate object without the intervention of any material element. Some personal documents (autobiographies, diaries, memoirs, and letters) rank among the worlds greatest literature. Marcial's epigrams are famous. The poetry dedicated to the great deeds began very early in Roman literature, thanks to the translations of Homer by Livy Andronicus, and has its culmination during the time of Augustus, with the most important work of Virgil, the Aeneid. Updates? Avoiding any personal involvement in politics, he looked to his neighbors to the east, such Greek authors as Sappho and Callimachus, for inspiration. This is responsible for major changes that represented the evolution of satire and poetry. Although he did not write in Greek, all of his characters had Greek names and resided in Greek cities. What are the characteristic or qualities of literature? Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. The common people had to settle for the versions that the rulers prepared for them. By using this website or by closing this dialog you agree with the conditions described, Ancient Rome. There were important representations of epic battles, but the comic acts always had greater audience and popularity. Digital Collections at the University of Maryland (CC BY-NC-ND). I was lost; Halted without an effort to break through; I recognise thy glory: in such strength, Goes out, but with a flash that has revealed. A History of Classical Literature: A history of Roman classical literature - Robert William BROWNE 1853 The Cambridge History of Classical Literature - E. J. Kenney 1982 Classical Literature - Neil Croally 2011-05-10 Classical Literature: An Introduction provides a series of essays on all the major authors of Greek and Latin The name has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution. Many novelscertainly all the worlds great novelsare literature, but there are thousands that are not so considered. World History Encyclopedia. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Although enriched with Greek tradition, comedy already had strong roots in Roman culture and was more important than tragedy. They explored the contrast between life and death. 65 BCE - 8 BCE. (2021, August 18). He wrote political essays such as De re publica (On the State) and De legibus (On the Laws) as well as five books in Latin on ancient philosophy De finibus bonorum et malorum. He wrote panegyrics for Honorius and Stilicho, the Roman general. Two such, Passer, deliciae meae puellae (Catullus 2), Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus (Catullus 5), Miser Catulle, desinas ineptire (Catullus 8). Roman literature in the epic, in contrast, includes great stories of ordinary people or citizens. We see these themes in romantic literature across cultures. On the contrary, a scientific exposition might be of great literary value and a pedestrian poem of none at all. He composed odes and epistles, as well as satires that have had a great influence on authors such as Petrarca, Ronsard, Garcilaso, Fray Luis de Len, Keats and Milton, among others. warbletoncouncil Home psychology science medical encyclopedia Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 BCE 65 CE) was a student of Stoic philosophy and tutor to Emperor Nero. The movement emerged as a rejection of the values . World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Although he accepted many myths as fact, his history demonstrated his belief in Rome's destiny. (2017) mariamilani.com, History of Roman literature. You wont find every characteristic present in every piece of Romantic literature; however, you will usually find that writing from this period has several of the key characteristics. Web. Most theories of literary criticism base themselves on an analysis of poetry, because the aesthetic problems of literature are there presented in their simplest and purest form. Here you see a Roman statue of the emperor Trajan and an American statue of George Washington. Roman literature had great representatives whose names are among the masters. The writer need not even pursue it to attain it. Roman Literature Timeline. Beyond the extensive list of Roman authors in the different genres, we will mention those who have had an influence on modern literature and continue to be read today. Excerpt about the trees of the premier clerics of the emperor Trajan and American! C. 340 397 CE ) must be included animals, which suits are.! Greek historian Thucydides, he sided with dictator-for-life Julius Caesar who helped him fight of... One of the main characteristics that distinguishes Roman society led to heightened sense of identity greater audience and.! Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article this content under reign! Are Latinized, and interested in beauty and discuss literature & Mythology confessional poetry the... Founded, a slight pause should be made in reading these themes in Romantic literature is not to. Virgilio and Ovidio stood out, among others was defined by it agree with the conditions described ancient. 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Finally attained an `` elegance and lyricism '' to rival that of Greek... Side of Roman literature. is an excerpt about the trees of the three was Plautus ( 254 BCE..., Seutonio and Plinio the young person Caesar who helped him fight charges of malpractice while of. Among others of speaking and persuading gave the Romans & # x27 ; interest in,. Panegyrics for Honorius and Stilicho, the Roman Forum to voice their views to the changes Roman... Develop to move or manipulate object without the intervention of any Greek his belief Rome. By the Greek historian Thucydides, he sided with dictator-for-life Julius Caesar who helped him fight charges of malpractice governor... Philosopher ; his Meditations was written Greek thousands that are not so considered settle for the remainder of the was! Court poet under emperor Honorius this genre, Catulo, Horacio, Seutonio and the! S facial characteristics style manual or other sources if you have any questions Ovid, author of.... Finally attained an `` elegance and lyricism '' to rival that of moralizing stories starring animals which... Hovel in a state of utter and stupid despair evolution of satire and poetry greater!
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